Gini Loh System Tools

AI Automation Index

Will AI Replace Library Assistants, Clerical?

Task-level automation exposure for Library Assistants, Clerical: 32 O*NET tasks scored against their work activities, plus the simulator.

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Developed & audited by Gini Loh

Automation Exposure

45% weighted task index

32 of 32 tasks scored

Median Salary

$36,910 / year

BLS OEWS, May 2025 — this exact occupation

Employment Level

Medium

85,520 people hold this job — size, not growth

Projected 2025–35

-6.4% employment change

12,300 openings a year · BLS line item

Pay by state

BLS OEWS publishes 51 state estimates for this occupation. Each is its own survey estimate, not the national median adjusted for local prices.

$23,110 – $59,390

Highest medians

District of Columbia $59,390
California $47,860
Washington $47,540
Nevada $46,620
Maryland $45,910

Lowest medians

Puerto Rico $23,110
Alabama $27,530
Nebraska $28,080
Mississippi $28,110
Indiana $28,900

State figures come from the 43-4121 row in the May 2025 state panel. States where the estimate was suppressed or too small to publish are absent.

What the score is made of

Each task is mapped to its work activities, scored for AI automation potential, and weighted by how important those activities are to the job. These are the components.

Automation potential 45%

Importance-weighted mean of the scored tasks. This is the headline index.

Physical work 24%

Share of weighted tasks in hands-on or machine-operating work activities.

Judgment & influence 28%

Share in analysis, decisions, teaching, directing, advising, or caring for others.

Routine administration 33%

Share in documenting, recording, and administrative activities.

Rewritten by O*NET 0%

Share of weighted tasks O*NET rewrote in a recent update. Reported, not folded into the score.

Consequence of error 0/100 Low

O*NET's own rating of how serious an uncorrectable mistake would be here — respondents, not us. Deliberately not in the index: the score measures what AI can do with the task content, and multiplying it by stakes would be our judgment dressed as data.

Constituent Task Mix

32 tasks for this occupation, weighted by work-activity importance. Shares below are of total task weight, not task count.

High exposure (≥ 60% of the task is automatable) 33%

11 tasks

Medium exposure (≥ 35%) 29%

9 tasks

Low exposure (below 35%) 38%

12 tasks

How would you survive?

Move your week away from the high-exposure tasks and toward the ones that need judgment. The simulator recalculates the index as you shift the mix.

Simulate Upskilling →

Emerging & rewritten tasks

Tasks O*NET added or rewrote for this occupation in its recent updates (05/2025 – 08/2026), with who proposed them. Additions are not in the scored task inventory — they are new work O*NET is still measuring, so they appear here and nowhere in the index. A Revision replaces a task that is scored, which is why only those move the "Rewritten by O*NET" share.

  • New 08/2018 · Incumbent

    Hire library staff such as student assistants.

Constituent Tasks

#2645 · Core · 10% automatable

Sort books, publications, and other items according to established procedure and return them to shelves, files, or other designated storage areas.

physical manipulation — Sorting physical materials requires hands-on handling

Sort materials or products.
#18769 · Core · 8% automatable

Open and close library during specified hours and secure library equipment, such as computers and audio-visual equipment.

situated mobility — Physical security presence in world

Maintain security.
#2646 · Core · 60% automatable

Locate library materials for patrons, including books, periodicals, tape cassettes, Braille volumes, and pictures.

information retrieval — Tracking via systems is digital; physical reconciliation needs humans

Track goods or materials.
#2643 · Core · 85% automatable

Enter and update patrons' records on computers.

data analysis — Data entry into systems automatable

Enter information into databases or software programs.
#2649 · Core · 70% automatable

Answer routine inquiries and refer patrons in need of professional assistance to librarians.

decision support — Routing referrals from criteria; human confirms fit

Refer customers to appropriate personnel.
#18773 · Core · 28% automatable

Manage reserve materials by placing items on reserve for library patrons, checking items in and out of library, and removing out-of-date items.

physical manipulation — Physically distributing materials to people

Distribute materials to employees or customers.
#18774 · Core · 28% automatable

Lend, reserve, and collect books, periodicals, videotapes, and other materials at circulation desks and process materials for inter-library loans.

physical manipulation — Physically distributing materials to people

Distribute materials to employees or customers.
#2647 · Core · 30% automatable

Instruct patrons on how to use reference sources, card catalogs, and automated information systems.

physical manipulation — Demonstrating techniques is physical, hands-on work

Demonstrate activity techniques or equipment use.
#2648 · Core · 56% automatable

Inspect returned books for condition and due-date status and compute any applicable fines.

data analysis — Financial calculations fully automatable

Inspect items for damage or defects. Calculate financial data.
#2650 · Core · 82% automatable

Maintain records of items received, stored, issued, and returned and file catalog cards according to system used.

data analysis — Maintain inventory records from provided counts

Maintain inventory records.
#18770 · Core · 56% automatable

Perform clerical activities, such as answering phones, sorting mail, filing, typing, word processing, and photocopying and mailing out material.

text generation — Typing documents is core AI text output

Sort mail. Answer telephones to direct calls or provide information. Type documents.
#2655 · Core · 45% automatable

Register new patrons and issue borrower identification cards that permit patrons to borrow books and other materials.

physical manipulation — ID issuance often physical and identity-verified

Issue documentation or identification to customers or employees.
#2644 · Core · 50% automatable

Process new materials including books, audio-visual materials, and computer software.

physical manipulation — Physical library materials handling and shelving

Process library materials.
#2652 · Core · 70% automatable

Provide assistance to librarians in the maintenance of collections of books, periodicals, magazines, newspapers, and audio-visual and other materials.

data analysis — Materials inventory records and forecasting automatable

Maintain inventories of materials, equipment, or products.
#2661 · Core · 82% automatable

Review records, such as microfilm and issue cards, to identify titles of overdue materials and delinquent borrowers.

data analysis — Maintain inventory records from provided counts

Maintain inventory records.
#2656 · Core · 55% automatable

Send out notices and accept fine payments for lost or overdue books.

text generation — Sending digital materials automatable; physical mailing human

Send information, materials or documentation. Collect deposits, payments or fees.
#18772 · Core · 12% automatable

Maintain library equipment, such as photocopiers, scanners, and computers, and instruct patrons in proper use of such equipment.

physical manipulation — Physical office equipment servicing

Maintain office equipment in proper operating condition.
#18771 · Core · 54% automatable

Schedule, supervise, and train clerical workers, volunteers, student assistants, and other library employees.

decision support — Draft schedules; human owns fairness and coverage

Prepare employee work schedules. Supervise clerical or administrative personnel.
#18776 · Core · 30% automatable

Repair books using mending tape, paste, and brushes or prepare books to be sent to a bindery for repair.

physical manipulation — Physical library materials handling and shelving

Repair books or other printed material. Process library materials.
#2653 · Core · 8% automatable

Take action to deal with disruptive or problem patrons.

situated mobility — Physical security presence in world

Maintain security.
#2658 · Core · 49% automatable

Prepare, store, and retrieve classification and catalog information, lecture notes, or other information related to stored documents, using computers.

data analysis — Maintain inventory records from provided counts

Store records or related materials. Maintain inventory records.
#2662 · Core · 45% automatable

Select substitute titles when requested materials are unavailable, following criteria such as age, education, and interests.

interpersonal — Customer service is relational and accountability-bearing

Provide customer service to clients or users.
#18778 · Core · 75% automatable

Prepare library statistics reports.

text generation — Technical reports drafted; human verifies content

Prepare research or technical reports.
#2664 · Core · 10% automatable

Deliver and retrieve items to and from departments by hand or using push carts.

situated mobility — Physical delivery of items in real environments

Deliver items.
#2667 · Core · 6% automatable

Assist in the preparation of book displays.

physical manipulation — Arranging items is physical placement

Arrange items for use or display.
#2654 · Supplemental · 10% automatable

Classify and catalog items according to content and purpose.

physical manipulation — Sorting physical materials requires hands-on handling

Sort materials or products.
#2657 · Supplemental · 40% automatable

Operate small branch libraries, under the direction of off-site librarian supervisors.

interpersonal — Managing clerical staff is supervisory accountability

Manage clerical or administrative activities.
#21077 · Supplemental · 61% automatable

Plan or participate in library events and programs, such as story time with children.

text generation — Drafts activity plans; educator adapts to learners

Plan educational activities. Plan special events.
#18775 · Supplemental · 80% automatable

Perform accounting and bookkeeping activities, such as invoicing, maintaining financial records, budgeting, and handling cash.

data analysis — Maintain financial records; human reconciles exceptions

Maintain financial or account records.
#2660 · Supplemental · 19% automatable

Operate and maintain audio-visual equipment.

physical manipulation — Physical operation of office machines and jams

Operate office equipment. Maintain electronic equipment.
#18779 · Supplemental · 68% automatable

Design or maintain library web site and online catalogues.

text generation — App code generated; human reviews and deploys

Develop computer or online applications.
#18777 · Supplemental · 72% automatable

Acquire books, pamphlets, periodicals, audio-visual materials, and other library supplies by checking prices, figuring costs, and preparing appropriate order forms and facilitating the ordering process by providing such information to others.

decision support — Ordering via systems automatable; human approves spend

Prepare documentation for contracts, transactions, or regulatory compliance. Order materials, supplies, or equipment.
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Community Sentiment

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Method

How this was scored

  1. 1. Tasks. O*NET task statements for this occupation, from a release whose newest record is dated 08/2026.
  2. 2. Work activities. Each task maps to 1–5 Detailed Work Activities; each activity belongs to one of 41 Generalized Work Activities that O*NET rates for importance (1–5) in this occupation.
  3. 3. Automation potential. Every work activity carries one score for how far current AI can perform it end-to-end. Tasks inherit the mean of their activities.
  4. 4. Weighting. Task weight = 0.35 + 0.65 × (importance − 1)/4, scaled by how often the task is performed and by 0.7 for Supplemental tasks. Importance is the task's own O*NET rating where it exists (18,369 of 18,838 tasks); the rest inherit their work activities' importance. The index is the weighted mean.

Check: across the 910 occupations where O*NET also rates how far machine speed sets the pace, this index moves opposite to it (Spearman ρ = -0.49). The more a job is paced by equipment, the less of its task content AI can address — the relationship you would expect if the scoring is working.

Sources · O*NET 31.0 (task records to 08/2026) · BLS OEWS May 2025 · BLS projections 2025-2035 · rubric v2.1 · tasks for O*NET, not a forecast

See the full method →

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