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AI Automation Index
Will AI Replace Court, Municipal, and License Clerks?
Task-level automation exposure for Court, Municipal, and License Clerks: 29 O*NET tasks scored against their work activities, plus the simulator.
E-E-A-T Verified
Developed & audited by Gini Loh Automation Exposure
62%
weighted task index
29 of 29 tasks scored
Median Salary
$48,700 / year
BLS OEWS, May 2025 — this exact occupation
Employment Level
High
179,750 people hold this job — size, not growth
Projected 2025–35
+3.4%
employment change
17,100 openings a year · BLS line item
Pay by state
BLS OEWS publishes 51 state estimates for this occupation. Each is its own survey estimate, not the national median adjusted for local prices.
$36,960 – $66,130
Highest medians
District of Columbia $66,130
Washington $64,680
California $63,320
Massachusetts $61,730
Rhode Island $61,670
Lowest medians
Arkansas $36,960
Mississippi $37,210
West Virginia $37,810
Alabama $38,360
Oklahoma $39,120
State figures come from the 43-4031 row in the May 2025 state panel. States where the estimate was suppressed or too small to publish are absent.
What the score is made of
Each task is mapped to its work activities, scored for AI automation potential, and weighted by how important those activities are to the job. These are the components.
Automation potential 62%
Importance-weighted mean of the scored tasks. This is the headline index.
Physical work 5%
Share of weighted tasks in hands-on or machine-operating work activities.
Judgment & influence 32%
Share in analysis, decisions, teaching, directing, advising, or caring for others.
Routine administration 35%
Share in documenting, recording, and administrative activities.
Rewritten by O*NET 0%
Share of weighted tasks O*NET rewrote in a recent update. Reported, not folded into the score.
Consequence of error 19/100
Low
O*NET's own rating of how serious an uncorrectable mistake would be here — respondents, not us. Deliberately not in the index: the score measures what AI can do with the task content, and multiplying it by stakes would be our judgment dressed as data.
Constituent Task Mix
29 tasks for this occupation, weighted by work-activity importance. Shares below are of total task weight, not task count.
High exposure (≥ 60% of the task is automatable) 54%
16 tasks
Medium exposure (≥ 35%) 41%
12 tasks
Low exposure (below 35%) 4%
1 tasks
How would you survive?
Move your week away from the high-exposure tasks and toward the ones that need judgment. The simulator recalculates the index as you shift the mix.
Simulate Upskilling →Constituent Tasks
#23295 · Core · 40% automatable
Plan or direct the maintenance, filing, safekeeping, or computerization of all municipal documents.
interpersonal — Managing clerical staff is supervisory accountability
Manage clerical or administrative activities.
#23282 · Core · 80% automatable
Examine legal documents submitted to courts for adherence to laws or court procedures.
text generation — Document compliance checking against requirements is automatable
Examine documents to verify adherence to requirements.
#23278 · Core · 70% automatable
Record case dispositions, court orders, or arrangements made for payment of court fees.
text generation — Recording legal info drafted; human confirms facts
Record information about legal matters.
#23288 · Core · 62% automatable
Answer inquiries from the general public regarding judicial procedures, court appearances, trial dates, adjournments, outstanding warrants, summonses, subpoenas, witness fees, or payment of fines.
information retrieval — AI explains policies; human handles live questions
Explain regulations, policies, or procedures.
#23283 · Core · 71% automatable
Perform general office duties, such as taking or transcribing dictation, typing or proofreading correspondence, distributing or filing official forms, or scheduling appointments.
text generation — Proofreading text for accuracy is core LLM strength
Proofread documents, records, or other files to ensure accuracy. Schedule appointments. Issue documentation or identification to customers or employees.
#23270 · Core · 30% automatable
Question applicants to obtain required information, such as name, address, or age, and record data on prescribed forms.
interpersonal — Live interviewing is human relational work
Interview employees, customers, or others to collect information.
#23290 · Core · 62% automatable
Instruct parties about timing of court appearances.
information retrieval — AI explains policies; human handles live questions
Explain regulations, policies, or procedures.
#23284 · Core · 42% automatable
Perform administrative tasks, such as answering telephone calls, filing court documents, or maintaining office supplies or equipment.
interpersonal — Call routing automatable; nuanced calls need human
Maintain office equipment in proper operating condition. Answer telephones to direct calls or provide information.
#23285 · Core · 55% automatable
Respond to requests for information from the public, other municipalities, state officials, or state and federal legislative offices.
information retrieval — Public info provision partly automatable; accountability human
Provide information to the general public. Communicate with government agencies.
#23287 · Core · 45% automatable
Coordinate or maintain office tracking systems for correspondence or follow-up actions.
interpersonal — Operational coordination requires live human orchestration
Coordinate operational activities.
#23291 · Core · 85% automatable
Research information in the municipal archives upon request of public officials or private citizens.
information retrieval — Search files and references for info
Search files, databases or reference materials to obtain needed information.
#23281 · Supplemental · 58% automatable
Prepare documents recording the outcomes of court proceedings.
text generation — Draft legal documents; attorney owns final
Prepare legal documents.
#23267 · Supplemental · 85% automatable
Evaluate information on applications to verify completeness and accuracy and to determine whether applicants are qualified to obtain desired licenses.
data analysis — Transactional data verification is rule-based and reliable
Verify accuracy of financial or transactional data.
#23276 · Supplemental · 58% automatable
Prepare ordinances, resolutions, or proclamations so that they can be executed, recorded, archived, or distributed.
text generation — Draft legal documents; attorney owns final
Prepare legal documents.
#23294 · Supplemental · 38% automatable
Issue various permits and licenses, such as marriage, fishing, hunting, and dog licenses, and collect appropriate fees.
decision support — License issuance carries legal authority and verification
Issue certificates or licenses. Collect deposits, payments or fees.
#23271 · Supplemental · 68% automatable
Issue public notification of all official activities or meetings.
text generation — Compliance docs drafted; human owns regulatory accuracy
Prepare documentation for contracts, transactions, or regulatory compliance.
#23277 · Supplemental · 80% automatable
Code information on license applications for entry into computers.
data analysis — Coding data automatable with human review
Code data or other information.
#23272 · Supplemental · 80% automatable
Record and maintain all vital and fiscal records and accounts.
data analysis — Maintain financial records; human reconciles exceptions
Maintain financial or account records.
#23296 · Supplemental · 55% automatable
Prepare dockets or calendars of cases to be called.
decision support — Legal scheduling coordination is largely clerical with judgment
Coordinate legal schedules or activities.
#23275 · Supplemental · 58% automatable
Prepare and issue orders of the court, such as probation orders, release documentation, sentencing information, or summonses.
text generation — Draft legal documents; attorney owns final
Prepare legal documents.
#23274 · Supplemental · 83% automatable
Prepare meeting agendas or packets of related information.
text generation — Prepare reference materials from source content
Prepare informational or reference materials.
#23269 · Supplemental · 50% automatable
Record and edit the minutes of meetings and distribute to appropriate officials or staff members.
text generation — Summarize meeting proceedings; human verifies accuracy
Record information from meetings or other formal proceedings. Distribute materials to employees or customers.
#23289 · Supplemental · 40% automatable
Train other workers or coordinate their work, as necessary.
interpersonal — General personnel training is human-led and relational
Train personnel.
#23273 · Supplemental · 62% automatable
Answer questions or provide advice to the public regarding licensing policies, procedures, or regulations.
information retrieval — AI explains policies; human handles live questions
Explain regulations, policies, or procedures.
#23292 · Supplemental · 60% automatable
Perform contract administration duties, assisting with bid openings or the awarding of contracts.
text generation — Broad clerical tasks partly automatable, human oversees exceptions
Perform administrative or clerical tasks.
#23280 · Supplemental · 85% automatable
Perform record checks on past or current licensees, as required by investigations.
information retrieval — Search files and references for info
Search files, databases or reference materials to obtain needed information.
#23279 · Supplemental · 78% automatable
Perform budgeting duties, such as assisting in budget preparation, expenditure review, or budget administration.
data analysis — Financial analysis from given data; human reviews
Analyze financial information.
#23268 · Supplemental · 80% automatable
Verify the authenticity of documents, such as foreign identification or immigration documents.
text generation — Document compliance checking against requirements is automatable
Examine documents to verify adherence to requirements.
#23286 · Supplemental · 57% automatable
Search files and contact witnesses, attorneys, or litigants to obtain information for the court.
information retrieval — Search files and references for info
Search files, databases or reference materials to obtain needed information. Interview employees, customers, or others to collect information.
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How this was scored
- 1. Tasks. O*NET task statements for this occupation, from a release whose newest record is dated 08/2026.
- 2. Work activities. Each task maps to 1–5 Detailed Work Activities; each activity belongs to one of 41 Generalized Work Activities that O*NET rates for importance (1–5) in this occupation.
- 3. Automation potential. Every work activity carries one score for how far current AI can perform it end-to-end. Tasks inherit the mean of their activities.
- 4. Weighting. Task weight = 0.35 + 0.65 × (importance − 1)/4, scaled by how often the task is performed and by 0.7 for Supplemental tasks. Importance is the task's own O*NET rating where it exists (18,369 of 18,838 tasks); the rest inherit their work activities' importance. The index is the weighted mean.
Check: across the 910 occupations where O*NET also rates how far machine speed sets the pace, this index moves opposite to it (Spearman ρ = -0.49). The more a job is paced by equipment, the less of its task content AI can address — the relationship you would expect if the scoring is working.
Sources · O*NET 31.0 (task records to 08/2026) · BLS OEWS May 2025 · BLS projections 2025-2035 · rubric v2.1 · tasks for O*NET, not a forecast
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