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AI Automation Index
Will AI Replace Cardiologists?
Task-level automation exposure for Cardiologists: 25 O*NET tasks scored against their work activities, plus the simulator.
E-E-A-T Verified
Developed & audited by Gini Loh Automation Exposure
34%
weighted task index
25 of 25 tasks scored
Median Salary
$496,010 / year
BLS OEWS, May 2025 — this exact occupation
Employment Level
Low
17,290 people hold this job — size, not growth
Projected 2025–35
+4.8%
employment change
500 openings a year · BLS line item
Pay by state
BLS OEWS publishes 23 state estimates for this occupation. Each is its own survey estimate, not the national median adjusted for local prices.
$185,610 – $656,330
Highest medians
Washington $656,330
Missouri $648,070
Nebraska $646,300
Wisconsin $636,580
Tennessee $610,080
Lowest medians
California $185,610
Iowa $283,070
New Jersey $286,540
Maryland $337,230
Rhode Island $395,610
State figures come from the 29-1212 row in the May 2025 state panel. States where the estimate was suppressed or too small to publish are absent.
What the score is made of
Each task is mapped to its work activities, scored for AI automation potential, and weighted by how important those activities are to the job. These are the components.
Automation potential 34%
Importance-weighted mean of the scored tasks. This is the headline index.
Physical work 12%
Share of weighted tasks in hands-on or machine-operating work activities.
Judgment & influence 52%
Share in analysis, decisions, teaching, directing, advising, or caring for others.
Routine administration 4%
Share in documenting, recording, and administrative activities.
Rewritten by O*NET 0%
Share of weighted tasks O*NET rewrote in a recent update. Reported, not folded into the score.
Constituent Task Mix
25 tasks for this occupation, weighted by work-activity importance. Shares below are of total task weight, not task count.
High exposure (≥ 60% of the task is automatable) 4%
1 tasks
Medium exposure (≥ 35%) 48%
12 tasks
Low exposure (below 35%) 48%
12 tasks
How would you survive?
Move your week away from the high-exposure tasks and toward the ones that need judgment. The simulator recalculates the index as you shift the mix.
Simulate Upskilling →Constituent Tasks
#22689 · Core · 18% automatable
Administer emergency cardiac care for life-threatening heart problems, such as cardiac arrest and heart attack.
physical manipulation — Hands-on emergency resuscitation and physical intervention
Treat medical emergencies.
#22690 · Core · 55% automatable
Advise patients and community members concerning diet, activity, hygiene, or disease prevention.
decision support — Wellness advice needs tailoring and clinical accountability
Provide health and wellness advice to patients, program participants, or caregivers. Advise communities or institutions regarding health or safety issues.
#22691 · Core · 55% automatable
Answer questions that patients have about their health and well-being.
decision support — Wellness advice needs tailoring and clinical accountability
Provide health and wellness advice to patients, program participants, or caregivers.
#22692 · Core · 82% automatable
Calculate valve areas from blood flow velocity measurements.
data analysis — Routine medical calculations; human checks inputs
Calculate numerical data for medical activities.
#22693 · Core · 58% automatable
Compare measurements of heart wall thickness and chamber sizes to standards to identify abnormalities, using the results of an echocardiogram.
visual inspection — Image interpretation assists; radiologist owns diagnosis
Analyze test data or images to inform diagnosis or treatment.
#22694 · Core · 18% automatable
Conduct electrocardiogram (EKG), phonocardiogram, echocardiogram, or other cardiovascular tests to record patients' cardiac activity, using specialized electronic test equipment, recording devices, or laboratory instruments.
physical manipulation — Diagnostic instruments applied to patients by hand
Test patient heart or lung functioning. Operate diagnostic or therapeutic medical instruments or equipment.
#22695 · Core · 15% automatable
Conduct exercise electrocardiogram tests to monitor cardiovascular activity under stress.
physical manipulation — Testing heart/lung function requires hands-on patient contact
Test patient heart or lung functioning.
#22696 · Core · 40% automatable
Conduct research to develop or test medications, treatments, or procedures that prevent or control disease or injury.
information retrieval — Literature review aided; wet-lab and clinical research human
Conduct research to increase knowledge about medical issues.
#22697 · Core · 18% automatable
Conduct tests of the pulmonary system, using a spirometer or other respiratory testing equipment.
physical manipulation — Diagnostic instruments applied to patients by hand
Test patient heart or lung functioning. Operate diagnostic or therapeutic medical instruments or equipment.
#22698 · Core · 38% automatable
Design and explain treatment plans, based on patient information such as medical history, reports, and examination results.
decision support — Medical plans need exam, liability, and clinical judgment
Develop medical treatment plans. Confer with clients to discuss treatment plans or progress.
#22699 · Core · 20% automatable
Diagnose cardiovascular conditions, using cardiac catheterization.
physical manipulation — Diagnostic tests require physical patient procedures
Conduct diagnostic tests to determine patient health.
#22700 · Core · 58% automatable
Diagnose medical conditions of patients, using records, reports, test results, or examination information.
visual inspection — Image interpretation assists; radiologist owns diagnosis
Analyze test data or images to inform diagnosis or treatment.
#22701 · Core · 40% automatable
Explain procedures and discuss test results or prescribed treatments with patients.
interpersonal — Results delivery needs empathy and clinical judgment
Explain medical procedures or test results to patients or family members.
#22702 · Core · 5% automatable
Inject contrast media into patients' blood vessels.
physical manipulation — Administering imaging substances is hands-on clinical procedure
Administer medical substances for imaging or other procedures.
#22704 · Core · 35% automatable
Monitor patients' conditions and progress, and reevaluate treatments, as necessary.
decision support — AI aids chart review; clinical observation of patient is human
Monitor patient progress or responses to treatments.
#22705 · Core · 30% automatable
Observe ultrasound display screen, and listen to signals to record vascular information, such as blood pressure, limb volume changes, oxygen saturation, and cerebral circulation.
physical manipulation — Physical exam requires hands-on patient contact
Assess physical conditions of patients to aid in diagnosis or treatment.
#22706 · Core · 46% automatable
Obtain and record patient information, including patient identification, medical history, and examination results.
interpersonal — Patient history requires live elicitation and judgment
Collect medical information from patients, family members, or other medical professionals. Record patient medical histories.
#22707 · Core · 20% automatable
Operate diagnostic imaging equipment to produce contrast-enhanced radiographs of heart and cardiovascular system.
physical manipulation — Imaging equipment operated with patient positioning
Operate diagnostic imaging equipment.
#22708 · Core · 45% automatable
Order medical tests, such as echocardiograms, electrocardiograms, and angiograms.
decision support — Clinical ordering requires licensed human accountability
Order medical diagnostic or clinical tests.
#22709 · Core · 2% automatable
Perform minimally invasive surgical procedures, such as implanting pacemakers and defibrillators.
physical manipulation — Surgery is physical and high-accountability
Operate on patients to treat conditions.
#22710 · Core · 2% automatable
Perform vascular procedures, such as balloon angioplasty and stents.
physical manipulation — Surgery is physical and high-accountability
Operate on patients to treat conditions.
#22711 · Core · 22% automatable
Prescribe heart medication to treat or prevent heart problems.
decision support — Prescribing medications is licensed high-stakes judgment
Prescribe medications.
#22712 · Core · 55% automatable
Recommend surgeons or surgical procedures.
decision support — Clinical referral judgment needs licensed human accountability
Refer patients to other healthcare practitioners or health resources.
#22713 · Core · 28% automatable
Supervise or train cardiology technologists or students.
interpersonal — Provider training is clinical, hands-on, accountable
Train medical providers. Supervise patient care personnel.
#22714 · Core · 42% automatable
Talk to other physicians about patients to create a treatment plan.
interpersonal — Care planning conferral is collaborative clinical judgment
Confer with other professionals to plan patient care.
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How this was scored
- 1. Tasks. O*NET task statements for this occupation, from a release whose newest record is dated 08/2026.
- 2. Work activities. Each task maps to 1–5 Detailed Work Activities; each activity belongs to one of 41 Generalized Work Activities that O*NET rates for importance (1–5) in this occupation.
- 3. Automation potential. Every work activity carries one score for how far current AI can perform it end-to-end. Tasks inherit the mean of their activities.
- 4. Weighting. Task weight = 0.35 + 0.65 × (importance − 1)/4, scaled by how often the task is performed and by 0.7 for Supplemental tasks. Importance is the task's own O*NET rating where it exists (18,369 of 18,838 tasks); the rest inherit their work activities' importance. The index is the weighted mean.
Check: across the 910 occupations where O*NET also rates how far machine speed sets the pace, this index moves opposite to it (Spearman ρ = -0.49). The more a job is paced by equipment, the less of its task content AI can address — the relationship you would expect if the scoring is working.
Sources · O*NET 31.0 (task records to 08/2026) · BLS OEWS May 2025 · BLS projections 2025-2035 · rubric v2.1 · tasks for O*NET, not a forecast
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