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AI Automation Index
Will AI Replace General and Operations Managers?
Task-level automation exposure for General and Operations Managers: 17 O*NET tasks scored against their work activities, plus the simulator.
E-E-A-T Verified
Developed & audited by Gini Loh Automation Exposure
48%
weighted task index
17 of 17 tasks scored
Median Salary
$105,770 / year
BLS OEWS, May 2025 — this exact occupation
Employment Level
Very High
3,503,020 people hold this job — size, not growth
Projected 2025–35
+5.0%
employment change
285,000 openings a year · BLS line item
Pay by state
BLS OEWS publishes 54 state estimates for this occupation. Each is its own survey estimate, not the national median adjusted for local prices.
$67,690 – $173,690
Highest medians
New Jersey $173,690
District of Columbia $168,000
South Dakota $137,400
Connecticut $137,220
Delaware $137,220
Lowest medians
Guam $67,690
Puerto Rico $73,570
Arkansas $74,050
Missouri $79,300
Kentucky $79,370
State figures come from the 11-1021 row in the May 2025 state panel. States where the estimate was suppressed or too small to publish are absent.
What the score is made of
Each task is mapped to its work activities, scored for AI automation potential, and weighted by how important those activities are to the job. These are the components.
Automation potential 48%
Importance-weighted mean of the scored tasks. This is the headline index.
Physical work 0%
Share of weighted tasks in hands-on or machine-operating work activities.
Judgment & influence 77%
Share in analysis, decisions, teaching, directing, advising, or caring for others.
Routine administration 0%
Share in documenting, recording, and administrative activities.
Rewritten by O*NET 0%
Share of weighted tasks O*NET rewrote in a recent update. Reported, not folded into the score.
Consequence of error 6/100
Low
O*NET's own rating of how serious an uncorrectable mistake would be here — respondents, not us. Deliberately not in the index: the score measures what AI can do with the task content, and multiplying it by stakes would be our judgment dressed as data.
Constituent Task Mix
17 tasks for this occupation, weighted by work-activity importance. Shares below are of total task weight, not task count.
High exposure (≥ 60% of the task is automatable) 21%
3 tasks
Medium exposure (≥ 35%) 66%
12 tasks
Low exposure (below 35%) 13%
2 tasks
How would you survive?
Move your week away from the high-exposure tasks and toward the ones that need judgment. The simulator recalculates the index as you shift the mix.
Simulate Upskilling →Constituent Tasks
#20699 · Core · 73% automatable
Review financial statements, sales or activity reports, or other performance data to measure productivity or goal achievement or to identify areas needing cost reduction or program improvement.
data analysis — Efficiency analysis from records; human verifies
Analyze data to inform operational decisions or activities. Analyze financial records to improve efficiency.
#933 · Core · 33% automatable
Direct and coordinate activities of businesses or departments concerned with the production, pricing, sales, or distribution of products.
interpersonal — Directing organizational operations carries accountability
Direct sales, marketing, or customer service activities. Direct organizational operations, projects, or services.
#20700 · Core · 35% automatable
Direct administrative activities directly related to making products or providing services.
interpersonal — Directing organizational operations carries accountability
Direct organizational operations, projects, or services.
#20701 · Core · 75% automatable
Prepare staff work schedules and assign specific duties.
decision support — Generate schedules from constraints; human resolves conflicts
Prepare staff schedules or work assignments.
#20703 · Core · 35% automatable
Direct or coordinate financial or budget activities to fund operations, maximize investments, or increase efficiency.
decision support — Financial operations direction carries fiduciary accountability
Direct financial operations.
#20706 · Core · 44% automatable
Plan or direct activities, such as sales promotions, that require coordination with other department managers.
text generation — Plans drafted; human owns positioning and approval
Develop marketing plans or strategies. Direct sales, marketing, or customer service activities.
#20705 · Core · 38% automatable
Perform personnel functions, such as selection, training, or evaluation.
interpersonal — Program design aided, delivery and engagement are human
Conduct employee training programs. Hire personnel.
#20704 · Core · 49% automatable
Establish or implement departmental policies, goals, objectives, or procedures in conjunction with board members, organization officials, or staff members.
text generation — Goals drafted; leadership accountability human
Implement organizational process or policy changes. Develop organizational goals or objectives. Develop organizational policies or programs.
#20702 · Core · 55% automatable
Monitor suppliers to ensure that they efficiently and effectively provide needed goods or services within budgetary limits.
data analysis — AI analyzes performance metrics; human judges people context
Monitor performance of organizational members or partners.
#20708 · Supplemental · 35% automatable
Manage the movement of goods into and out of production facilities to ensure efficiency, effectiveness, or sustainability of operations.
interpersonal — Directing organizational operations carries accountability
Direct organizational operations, projects, or services.
#20707 · Supplemental · 50% automatable
Set prices or credit terms for goods or services, based on forecasts of customer demand.
decision support — AI models pricing; human sets monetary policy
Determine pricing or monetary policies.
#944 · Supplemental · 72% automatable
Perform sales floor work, such as greeting or assisting customers, stocking shelves, or taking inventory.
interpersonal — Scripted info delivery, but live rapport and accountability matter
Provide basic information to guests, visitors, or clients.
#945 · Supplemental · 47% automatable
Develop or implement product-marketing strategies, including advertising campaigns or sales promotions.
text generation — Plans drafted; human owns positioning and approval
Implement organizational process or policy changes. Develop marketing plans or strategies.
#947 · Supplemental · 33% automatable
Direct non-merchandising departments of businesses, such as advertising or purchasing.
interpersonal — Directing organizational operations carries accountability
Direct sales, marketing, or customer service activities. Direct organizational operations, projects, or services.
#19501 · Supplemental · 40% automatable
Implement or oversee environmental management or sustainability programs addressing issues such as recycling, conservation, or waste management.
decision support — Sustainability projects need stakeholder judgment and authority
Implement organizational process or policy changes. Manage environmental sustainability projects.
#949 · Supplemental · 55% automatable
Plan store layouts or design displays.
decision support — Layout planning aided; human owns design
Plan facility layouts or designs.
#948 · Supplemental · 46% automatable
Recommend locations for new facilities, or oversee the remodeling or renovating of current facilities.
decision support — Drafts policy options; political judgment owned by human
Determine resource needs. Manage construction activities. Recommend organizational process or policy changes.
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How this was scored
- 1. Tasks. O*NET task statements for this occupation, from a release whose newest record is dated 08/2026.
- 2. Work activities. Each task maps to 1–5 Detailed Work Activities; each activity belongs to one of 41 Generalized Work Activities that O*NET rates for importance (1–5) in this occupation.
- 3. Automation potential. Every work activity carries one score for how far current AI can perform it end-to-end. Tasks inherit the mean of their activities.
- 4. Weighting. Task weight = 0.35 + 0.65 × (importance − 1)/4, scaled by how often the task is performed and by 0.7 for Supplemental tasks. Importance is the task's own O*NET rating where it exists (18,369 of 18,838 tasks); the rest inherit their work activities' importance. The index is the weighted mean.
Check: across the 910 occupations where O*NET also rates how far machine speed sets the pace, this index moves opposite to it (Spearman ρ = -0.49). The more a job is paced by equipment, the less of its task content AI can address — the relationship you would expect if the scoring is working.
Sources · O*NET 31.0 (task records to 08/2026) · BLS OEWS May 2025 · BLS projections 2025-2035 · rubric v2.1 · tasks for O*NET, not a forecast
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